Where is Aster restricted?

Aster is restricted in 11 of the 195 countries we cover, every one of them named in its terms: the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, China, North Korea, Russia, Ukraine, Cuba, Iran, Venezuela and Syria.

The list sits in section 2.1 of Aster’s terms and conditions (last updated 25 February 2026), which bar anyone who lives in, is located in or is incorporated in a “Prohibited Jurisdiction”. The ban extends to places under comprehensive country-wide or regional sanctions, or designated as “terrorist supporting” by the UN, the EU, the UK or the US, but every country we track that fits those words is already named. The terms say nothing about citizenship, so an Iranian living in Germany is not barred by nationality.

Table of the 11 countries where Aster is restricted, all named as prohibited jurisdictions in its terms: Canada, China, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Russia, Syria, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States and Venezuela. The prediction trading list repeats 8 of them, names only Ontario for Canada and three occupied regions for Ukraine, and leaves out China. In our geo-access test the trading app blocked Syria and United States by IP; 7 others loaded with no barrier; Iran and North Korea were not tested.

Two things set Aster’s list apart from most exchanges: it names three large regulated markets, the US, Canada and the UK, and the whole of Ukraine rather than only its occupied regions. The trading app enforces only part of it. In our test it refused US and Syrian IP addresses and let the other seven we could reach load as normal. The full list is below.

CategoryCountriesContextLast verified
Geographic block6 countriesNamed as a prohibited jurisdiction in Aster's terms; the trading app loaded with no barrier in our geo-access test.17 Oct 2026
Geographic block2 countriesNamed as a prohibited jurisdiction in Aster's terms; the trading app also refused this location in our geo-access test.17 Oct 2026
Geographic block2 countriesNamed as a prohibited jurisdiction in Aster's terms.17 Oct 2026
Geographic block1 countryNamed as a prohibited jurisdiction in Aster's terms (updated 25 February 2026); the trading app loaded with no barrier in our geo-access test.19 Oct 2026

Where is Aster limited?

Aster is limited in 24 countries where its prediction trading is closed but perpetuals and spot are open, among them Germany, France, Japan, Australia and Singapore.

Prediction trading has its own rules. Section 2.4 of the prediction user agreement (updated 2 June 2026) bars users in 34 countries and four regions, from Australia to Zimbabwe, plus Ontario, Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk. Aster’s service region page repeats the list and says orders from those places “will be rejected”, based on IP geolocation. Eight of the 34 are already prohibited by the terms and two, Taiwan and the US Minor Outlying Islands, are territories outside our 195; the other 24 are the ones recorded here, under the rule we apply to every platform: a product the platform itself refuses in a country makes the country limited, with that product restricted. France also carries a warning: the AMF put asterdex.com on its blacklist of unauthorised crypto derivatives sites on 27 February 2026.

Chart of the 24 countries where Aster is limited because its prediction trading is barred while perpetuals and spot stay open. Europe and Asia-Pacific, 9: Australia, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Poland, Singapore and Thailand. Africa, Middle East and others, 15: Belarus, Burundi, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Yemen and Zimbabwe. Aster gives no reason for any of them.

Aster gives no reason for any country on the prediction list. It mixes nine large markets in Europe and Asia-Pacific with 15 countries in Africa, the Middle East and elsewhere, 13 of them under UN, UK, EU or US sanctions. Our test cannot see this cut: the app showed its Predictions tab everywhere, even in the blocked US, because the check happens when an order is placed. The groups are below.

CategoryCountriesContextLast verified
Partial service24 countriesPrediction trading is barred here under Aster's prediction rules; perps and spot are not.17 Oct 2026
Partial service1 countryPrediction trading is barred here; perps and spot are not. The AMF blacklisted asterdex.com in February 2026 for offering crypto derivatives without authorisation.17 Oct 2026

Where is Aster available?

Aster is available in the other 160 of the 195 countries we cover, from the Netherlands and Spain to South Korea, Nigeria and Brazil.

None of them rests on a licence, because Aster holds none. In 101 the terms and prediction rules do not exclude the country and our test loaded the trading app; the other 59 are available under our coverage rule, since no Aster document excludes them and we could not test them. We found no regulator that blocks Aster in any of the 160.

Bar chart of the 160 countries where Aster is available, by region: Africa 45 (22 tested), Asia 35 (30 tested), Europe 37 (34 tested), North America 19 (7 tested), South America 11 (7 tested), Oceania 13 (1 tested). 101 rest on the terms plus our geo-access test, where the trading app loaded; 59 are available under the coverage rule because neither the terms nor the prediction rules exclude them. None is blocked by a regulator that we know of.

Available means Aster serves the country, not that local law allows leveraged crypto trading. The list is below.

CategoryCountriesContextLast verified
No restriction58 countriesNot on Aster's prohibited-jurisdictions list; the trading app loaded in our geo-access test.07 Nov 2026
No restriction1 countryNot on Aster's prohibited-jurisdictions list (terms of 25 February 2026), and the trading app loaded in our geo-access test.19 Oct 2026
No restriction1 countryNot on Aster's prohibited-jurisdictions list, and the trading app loaded in our geo-access test.07 Nov 2026
No restriction1 countryNot on Aster's prohibited-jurisdictions list; the trading app loaded in our test.20 Oct 2026
No restriction1 countryNot on Aster's prohibited-jurisdictions list.17 Oct 2026

Where do Aster’s visitors come from?

Prohibited countries sit near the top of both traffic estimators we checked: the United States and Russia lead one, and the US and Canada are in the other’s top five.

Similarweb puts the US at 17.96% of visits in September 2026 and Russia at 14.02%, ahead of Japan, Germany and Austria. Semrush counts 1.1 million visits in September, 21.54% more than in August, led by Bangladesh at 19.73%, then Japan, the US, Canada and Germany.

Two ranked bar lists of the top countries visiting asterdex.com. Similarweb September 2026: United States 17.96%, Russia 14.02%, Japan 9.36%, Germany 7.08%, Austria 5.42%. Semrush September 2026: Bangladesh 19.73%, Japan 7.29%, United States 6.87%, Canada 6.42%, Germany 4.71%. The United States, Russia and Canada, where Aster is restricted, all appear in a top five; Japan and Germany, where only prediction trading is barred, appear in both lists.

The shares are estimates and the two tools disagree on scale: Similarweb counts about 763,000 visits over three months, Semrush 1.1 million in one. Russia and Canada load the app without a barrier, so their visitors meet only the terms, not a block.

Aster geo-access test: what we saw from 133 places

The trading app blocked 2 of the 133 places we tested by IP address: the United States and Syria.

We ran the test ourselves on 16 October 2026. A browser with a VPN connected to one place at a time and loaded the asterdex.com home page and the BTCUSDT perpetual in the trading app, each time in a fresh private window with no cookies and no wallet connected. Banners were never accepted and bot checks never solved, and every run saved the page text and a screenshot.

Of the 133 places, 129 are among our 195 countries and four are territories: Hong Kong, Macau, Puerto Rico and Taiwan. 61 runs used servers in the country and 72 used virtual locations, IP addresses registered to a country but hosted elsewhere. The app places visitors by where their IP address is registered: a US address was blocked, while Venezuelan and Dominican addresses hosted in Miami were not.

A US visitor sees a red banner, “You’re accessing ASTER from a restricted jurisdiction. Only withdrawals are available”, and a box over the chart saying the service is not available in the region, though positions can still be closed. Syria got the box without the banner. Puerto Rico, a US territory, loaded with no barrier.

Table of Aster’s recorded status against what our geo-access test saw on its trading app. Restricted (11): blocked by IP in 2, notice shown in 0, no barrier in 7, not tested in 2. Limited (24): blocked by IP in 0, notice shown in 0, no barrier in 19, not tested in 5. Available (160): blocked by IP in 0, notice shown in 0, no barrier in 101, not tested in 59. Both blocks were the same notice over the trading app; the home page loaded everywhere.

The written list and the block barely overlap. Seven prohibited countries, the UK, Canada, China, Russia, Ukraine, Cuba and Venezuela, loaded the full app, so for them the terms are the only control; Iran and North Korea we could not reach. The full result for every place is below.

  • "Service not available in your region"

    Trading app · 2 countries: Syria, United States

Source: CryptoRestrictions geo-access test, 16 Oct 2026. Every other country loaded both pages with no restriction message.

All 133 test results, country by country

Aster geo-access test results by country

Sortable; "Our status" is the verified dataset status, not the test result
CountryLocationHome pageTrading appOur status
AfghanistanVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
AlbaniaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
AlgeriaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
AndorraIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
AngolaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
ArgentinaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
AustraliaIn countryOpenOpenLimited
AustriaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
AzerbaijanVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
BahrainVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
BangladeshVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
BelarusVirtualOpenOpenLimited
BelgiumIn countryOpenOpenLimited
BhutanVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
Bosnia and HerzegovinaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
BrazilIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
BruneiIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
BulgariaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
CambodiaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
CameroonVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
CanadaIn countryOpenOpenRestricted
ChadVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
ChileIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
ChinaIn countryOpenOpenRestricted
ColombiaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
ComorosVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
DR CongoVirtualOpenOpenLimited
Costa RicaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
Côte d'IvoireVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
CroatiaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
CubaVirtualOpenOpenRestricted
CyprusIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
CzechiaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
DenmarkIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
Dominican RepublicVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
EcuadorVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
EgyptVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
El SalvadorVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
EritreaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
EstoniaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
EthiopiaVirtualOpenOpenLimited
FinlandIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
FranceIn countryOpenOpenLimited
GeorgiaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
GermanyIn countryOpenOpenLimited
GhanaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
GreeceIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
GuatemalaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
GuineaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
HondurasVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
Hong KongIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
HungaryIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
IcelandIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
IndiaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
IndonesiaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
IraqVirtualOpenOpenLimited
IrelandIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
IsraelIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
ItalyIn countryOpenOpenLimited
JapanIn countryOpenOpenLimited
JordanVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
KazakhstanVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
KenyaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
KuwaitVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
LaosVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
LatviaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
LibyaVirtualOpenOpenLimited
LiechtensteinVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
LithuaniaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
LuxembourgIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
MacaoVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
MalaysiaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
MauritaniaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
MauritiusVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
MexicoIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
MoldovaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
MonacoVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
MongoliaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
MontenegroVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
MoroccoVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
NepalVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
NetherlandsIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
New ZealandIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
NicaraguaVirtualOpenOpenLimited
NigeriaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
North MacedoniaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
NorwayIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
OmanVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
PakistanVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
PanamaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
PeruIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
PhilippinesVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
PolandIn countryOpenOpenLimited
PortugalIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
Puerto RicoVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
QatarVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
RomaniaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
RussiaVirtualOpenOpenRestricted
RwandaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
Saudi ArabiaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
SenegalVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
SerbiaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
SingaporeIn countryOpenOpenLimited
SlovakiaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
SloveniaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
SomaliaVirtualOpenOpenLimited
South AfricaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
South KoreaIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
South SudanVirtualOpenOpenLimited
SpainIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
Sri LankaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
SudanVirtualOpenOpenLimited
SwedenIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
SwitzerlandIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
SyriaVirtualOpenBlockedRestricted
TaiwanIn countryOpenOpenLimited
TajikistanVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
TanzaniaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
ThailandVirtualOpenOpenLimited
TogoVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
TunisiaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
TurkeyIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
TurkmenistanVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
UgandaVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
UkraineIn countryOpenOpenRestricted
United Arab EmiratesIn countryOpenOpenAvailable
United KingdomIn countryOpenOpenRestricted
United StatesIn countryOpenBlockedRestricted
UruguayVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
UzbekistanVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
VenezuelaVirtualOpenOpenRestricted
VietnamVirtualOpenOpenAvailable
YemenVirtualOpenOpenLimited

Source: CryptoRestrictions geo-access test, 16 Oct 2026. Virtual: an IP address registered to the country, served from a server elsewhere.

How Aster compares with other perps DEXs

Aster’s list is not its own: Lighter names the same 11 countries in its terms, in the same order, with the same sanctions wording. The difference is at the door. Lighter’s app refused 13 places in our test, Aster’s two.

We compared Aster with three other decentralised perpetuals exchanges we track, Hyperliquid, Lighter and Jupiter, using our dataset for statuses and our geo-access tests of 14 to 16 October 2026 for blocks. None of the four asks for identity documents to trade.

Matrix of four perpetuals exchanges across the 11 countries Aster prohibits (US, Canada, UK, China, North Korea, Russia, Ukraine, Cuba, Iran, Venezuela and Syria), none of which asks for identity documents. Aster: restricted in 11 of 195 and limited in 24; of Aster’s 11, restricted in US, Canada, UK, China, North Korea, Russia, Ukraine, Cuba, Iran, Venezuela and Syria; our test saw IP blocks in 2 of 133 places (US and Syria among these). Hyperliquid: restricted in 8 of 195 and limited in 20; of Aster’s 11, restricted in US, North Korea, Russia, Cuba, Iran and Syria, limited in Canada, UK and Ukraine; our test saw IP blocks in 5 of 131 places (US, Cuba and Syria among these). Lighter: restricted in 15 of 195 and limited in 4; of Aster’s 11, restricted in US, Canada, UK, China, North Korea, Russia, Ukraine, Cuba, Iran, Venezuela and Syria; our test saw IP blocks in 13 of 133 places (US, Canada, UK, China, Russia, Ukraine, Cuba, Venezuela and Syria among these). Jupiter: restricted in 20 of 195 and limited in 2; of Aster’s 11, restricted in US, China, North Korea, Russia, Cuba, Iran and Syria, limited in Ukraine; our test saw IP blocks in 0 of 61 places.

Three patterns stand out. Aster and Lighter are the only two that bar Canada, the UK and all of Ukraine outright: Hyperliquid excludes only Ontario and the occupied regions and cuts outcome markets in the UK, and Jupiter leaves the UK and Canada open. Hyperliquid enforces at the door more than its terms suggest, blocking five places, Saudi Arabia among them, though its terms name only the US and Ontario. And Jupiter, restricted in 18 of our countries, blocked none of the 61 places we tested, the US included. The not-verified counts for Lighter and Jupiter shrink as we rebuild their pages.

Aster licences and registrations

Aster holds no licence or registration anywhere that we could find, and its terms do not name the company behind it.

The terms are governed by Hong Kong law and say Aster does not operate or control the underlying blockchains or smart contracts. Two regulators have spoken about it, neither with a ban. France’s AMF added asterdex.com to its blacklist of crypto derivatives sites on 27 February 2026 for offering financial services or products without authorisation. On 20 November 2025 the Seychelles FSA answered third-party sites claiming a Seychelles link: Aster has never been authorised under its virtual asset law, is not a Seychelles company and “has no Nexus to the Seychelles”.

The app is also not the only way in. Aster’s service region page says countries marked “frontend UI restricted” are blocked only on the Aster front end, “the API itself is not restricted”, though no country on its current list carries that mark, and its public API docs describe no location check. Our statuses describe what Aster’s own documents and app allow.

Aster and MiCA in the EU

Aster has no MiCA authorisation: no Aster entity appears in ESMA’s register of crypto-asset service providers, which we checked on 17 October 2026.

Whether a decentralised exchange needs one is still open. MiCA says in recital 22 that services “provided in a fully decentralised manner without any intermediary” fall outside it. No EU regulator has blocked Aster that we found, the French blacklist aside, which is why its perps count as open across the EEA, unlike the centralised exchanges that closed new EEA accounts at the MiCA deadline.

Prediction trading is another matter. Aster bars it in five EEA states, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy and Poland, and serves it in the other 25 we cover. Hyperliquid draws a similar line with its own outcome markets, which its app hides in seven EEA states, and both keep perpetuals open there.

Is Aster available in the US?

No. The United States is the first Prohibited Jurisdiction in the terms, it is on the prediction list too, and the trading app blocked our US IP address. Aster has no US company or registration, and the ban covers every state.

Aster availability by US state

Alabama: RestrictedAlaska: RestrictedArizona: RestrictedArkansas: RestrictedCalifornia: RestrictedColorado: RestrictedConnecticut: RestrictedDelaware: RestrictedFlorida: RestrictedGeorgia: RestrictedHawaii: RestrictedIdaho: RestrictedIllinois: RestrictedIndiana: RestrictedIowa: RestrictedKansas: RestrictedKentucky: RestrictedLouisiana: RestrictedMaine: RestrictedMaryland: RestrictedMassachusetts: RestrictedMichigan: RestrictedMinnesota: RestrictedMississippi: RestrictedMissouri: RestrictedMontana: RestrictedNebraska: RestrictedNevada: RestrictedNew Hampshire: RestrictedNew Jersey: RestrictedNew Mexico: RestrictedNew York: RestrictedNorth Carolina: RestrictedNorth Dakota: RestrictedOhio: RestrictedOklahoma: RestrictedOregon: RestrictedPennsylvania: RestrictedRhode Island: RestrictedSouth Carolina: RestrictedSouth Dakota: RestrictedTennessee: RestrictedTexas: RestrictedUtah: RestrictedVermont: RestrictedVirginia: RestrictedWashington: RestrictedDistrict of Columbia: RestrictedWest Virginia: RestrictedWisconsin: RestrictedWyoming: Restricted

Restricted

We found no CFTC, SEC or Justice Department action against Aster. The US block is a front-end one: a US visitor sees prices and the order book, but only withdrawals and closing positions are allowed. Aster still lists perpetuals on US stocks such as Apple and Tesla, which US residents may not trade under its terms.

Aster regulators and incidents

Year-by-year table of regulator statements and incidents involving Aster beside its own moves. 2025: XPL price glitch; users repaid (Sep); DefiLlama pulls, then restores, volume data (Oct); Seychelles FSA: no authorisation, no link (Nov); Astherus and APX become Aster (Mar); Spot trading and ASTER token launch (Sep). 2026: AMF blacklists asterdex.com (Feb); Terms: 11 prohibited countries (Feb); Aster Chain, its own L1, goes live (Mar); Prediction trading barred in 34 countries (Jun); App blocks the US and Syria (Oct test).

Aster dates from March 2025, when Astherus and APX Finance became one exchange, according to its product release log. Its scrutiny has come more from data than from regulators. On 25 September 2025 its XPL perpetual spiked far above the spot price, and Aster said afterwards that “all affected users have received reimbursement” in USDT, Decrypt reported. On 5 October 2025 DefiLlama delisted Aster’s perp volume because it could not check it for wash trading, then restored it on 20 October at Aster’s request while calling the figures “still a black box”.

Aster KYC and identity verification

Aster asks for no identity documents to start trading: you connect a wallet, or log in with an email address that creates one, and sign a message.

The wallet login guide names Rabby, MetaMask, Binance Wallet and any WalletConnect wallet, and the email login sends a six-digit code and generates a new wallet address, with USDT deposits on Arbitrum only. The terms still reserve the right to run “limited identity verification procedures” and to refuse service to anyone who does not comply, and they make you promise that your stated location is accurate and that you will not get around location limits.

Table of what Aster asks for. Account: connect a wallet such as Rabby, MetaMask, Binance Wallet or any WalletConnect wallet, or log in with an email. Identity: none at sign-up, though the terms reserve limited identity verification. Location: IP checks, where the app blocks some places and prediction orders from 34 countries are rejected. Promise: your stated location is accurate and you update it if you move. Deposit: USDT is the settlement asset, and email accounts deposit USDT on Arbitrum only. The terms bar any means of getting around location limits, the prediction rules say a VPN does not lift the ban, and Aster says it holds no custody of your assets.

So the only checks Aster applies are by IP address: the front-end block in a few places and the order check for prediction trading. The prediction agreement adds that a VPN does not lift the ban if you are really in a listed place, and uses your wallet address as the only account identifier.

Aster verification history

We found no record that Aster has ever asked users for identity documents, and no announced plan to start. What has changed is the location layer: the February 2026 terms set the 11 prohibited countries, and the June 2026 prediction rules added the second list, enforced when an order is placed.

What if Aster is restricted where you live?

It depends on the country: of the 21 other platforms we track, 11 are available in Venezuela and 9 in China, but only one in Cuba, Iran and North Korea.

Using Aster from a prohibited country is not an option under the terms, which bar any means of getting around location limits, and the app’s light enforcement does not change that. What is left is a platform allowed to serve you where you live.

Stacked bars for the 11 countries where Aster is restricted, showing how many of the 21 other platforms we track are available, limited, restricted or not yet verified there, and how many of the available ones are centralised exchanges. Venezuela: 11 available (8 exchanges), 3 limited, 7 restricted, 0 unverified; China: 9 available (6 exchanges), 1 limited, 11 restricted, 0 unverified; Syria: 8 available (7 exchanges), 1 limited, 12 restricted, 0 unverified; Russia: 4 available (3 exchanges), 2 limited, 15 restricted, 0 unverified; United Kingdom: 4 available (2 exchanges), 7 limited, 10 restricted, 0 unverified; Canada: 3 available (1 exchanges), 6 limited, 12 restricted, 0 unverified; Cuba: 1 available (1 exchanges), 1 limited, 19 restricted, 0 unverified; Iran: 1 available (1 exchanges), 1 limited, 19 restricted, 0 unverified; North Korea: 1 available (1 exchanges), 1 limited, 19 restricted, 0 unverified; United States: 1 available (0 exchanges), 10 limited, 10 restricted, 0 unverified; Ukraine: 0 available (0 exchanges), 18 limited, 3 restricted, 0 unverified.

In the US the field narrows to one available platform, Uniswap, a DeFi protocol, with ten more limited. In Ukraine, which Aster bars outright, 18 platforms are limited, mostly because they exclude only the occupied regions.

For a country-by-country comparison of exchanges, with residency rules and licences side by side, see our guide to exchange alternatives by country.